Nonverbal Communication Essay Example for Free

Nonverbal Communication Essay Abstract The goal of this study was to find out if teachers were teaching nonverbal communication in their classroom, and also if it was important to teach nonverbal communication in the classroom. Teachers have a variety of teaching styles, and techniques. Some teachers using nonverbals and some do not. However, sometimes class size, classification levels, and gender can cause teachers to either use nonverbal communication or not. The participants of this study were asked whether or not their teacher use different types of nonverbal communication in the classroom setting. The study found that students said most teachers in their classes use nonverbal communication to teach. This study also provides support of the importance nonverbal communication has when teaching. Nonverbal communication in the classroom: A research about the importance of teaching nonverbal communication Communication in general is the process of sending and receiving messages that enables humans to share knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Although we usually identify communication with speech, communication is composed of two dimensions, which are verbal and nonverbal. Nonverbal communication has been defined as communication, but just without any words. Communicating is not something we can just do without, nonverbal communication especially considering it can never be shut off, unlike verbal communication we are always communicating nonverbally. One cannot not communicate. Nonverbal communication is always around you and impossible to ignore. Research, in many studies, has indicated that nonverbal communication can serve a wide range of functions in human interaction. Nonverbal communication is an essential part of every day life. No matter if at work, school, or even at home, nonverbal communication plays a huge role in life. As Blatner (2002) says, â€Å"Often people cannot understand the impact of nonverbal communications involved in a situation unless it is replayed and figured out† (pg.3). Teachers need to be practicing and teaching nonverbal communication in the classroom everyday, and that by doing so students will become much better communicators. Nonverbal communication strategies are important to the development of an effective educational system. Nonverbal communication should be practiced in more classes than just communication classes, because no matter what major of study you are in communication is always going to be an essential thing to know. Many social scientists have conducted research in the field of nonverbal communication as it affects students and educators. Ritchie (1977) found that seven percent of communication is nonverbal. Voice inflection accounts for 38% of the message, and facial expression, including body language, communicates 55% of the message. Speer (1972) states that because 90% of the total impact of a message can come from nonverbal elements, sharpening nonverbal communication skills cannot help but make a person a better communicator. So why are not all teachers using this method of teaching in the classroom setting? That is one of the questions I would like to answer in my research. This paper will work to determine if nonverbal communication is essential to be taught in the classroom and the importance of the teaching of nonverbal communication. Literature Review Research has been investigated, by many different scholarly researchers, about nonverbal communication and the importance of why it should be taught to students in their learning career. Nonverbal communication can be defined as signing, symbols, colors, gestures, rhythms, and much more. Those are just a few examples that will be discussed (Ritchie 1977). Speer (1972) believes that it is important to know all the different ways to communicate nonverbally and explains all of those ways in the book. Speer (1972) also emphasizes on the fact that in order to communicate, you must first know what nonverbal communication actually is. Pilner, Alloway, Krames (1974) however compare how humans and animals communicate differently nonverbally and the importance of knowing the different ways, and they also point out how humans and animals can communicate very similarly nonverbally as well. Ethology is the way of studying behavior amongst people. Weitz (1974) refers to ethology as a way to condu ct research, knowing how to study different peoples behavior is essential to know before observing how people act. Visual interactions are also ways of studying nonverbal communication in the classroom, according to Weitz (1974). According to Molcho (1985), nonverbal communication is critical in the classroom setting, especially in interpersonal communication. The most credible messages teachers generate are said to be nonverbal. Duggan (2012) discusses all of the different nonverbal cues and why they are important. For example, he states the importance of facial expressions, gestures, and appearance. Along the same lines Carli (1995), Mayo Henley (1981) and Thompson (2012) have different articles about differences between men and women and the different thoughts they have on nonverbal communication. He also discusses different research scenarios in which research has been conducted to prove the importance of nonverbal communication, and why men and women communicate differently sometimes. Area of Study Nonverbal communication plays a huge role in the classroom, and how teachers should be using nonverbal communication. (Pliner 1974) This paper is a research intended to help understand why nonverbal communication is so important in teaching, and what those importance’s are. Teachers should be using nonverbal communication everyday, in every course no matter what the major of study is. I want to research to see if teachers are using nonverbal communication skills in the classroom environment, and if so how they are using them. My hypothesis is that yes I believe teachers are using nonverbal communication as a way of teaching in their classroom. If the answer is no however, I will research why teachers are not using nonverbal communication in their every day teaching techniques, and if there are reasons behind why they are not using it. I will conduct surveys in class to see if students believe teachers are teaching enough about nonverbal communication, and if they believe it is important to be learning about. I would ask, does nonverbal communication play a role in the classroom? For instance, is nonverbal communication important in the classroom setting, whether it be how the teacher dresses, lectures, stands, etc. I also want to find out if teachers are teaching enough about nonverbal communication to their students. Are students gaining enough knowledge about nonverbal communication while in the classroom setting? Also, I would like to find out, what is the importance of nonverbal communication. Why should we study this and why do we need to learn this study for our whole careers. Finally, what would a classroom setting be like with zero nonverbal communication? This consists of no eye contact, appearance codes, gesture, or any other kind of nonverbal communication behavior. The following research questions and hypotheses guide the current study: H1: Students believe teachers are using nonverbal communication to communicate with them on a daily basis. H2: There is no difference between what males believe teachers use in the classroom and what females believe. H3: All ages believe the same thing when it comes to how often their teachers communicate nonverbally and how they are communicating this way. RQ1: Does nonverbal communication play a role in the classroom? RQ2: Are teachers teaching enough about nonverbal communication to their students? Methodology Instrument I used the convenience type sampling method. (see appendix A) This is a nonrandom type sampling; in which I used volunteers in my class to take my survey. The survey contained nine questions. Participants were asked nine questions about how their teachers use different nonverbal communication skills to communicate with them. The students were asked to mark yes or no depending on if the teacher used those certain styles of nonverbals while teaching, Students were also asked some demographic questions: sex, classification, and age. I used evidence by Wilmont (1995), about research of nonverbal communication to come up with my research questions. I developed my questions very carefully before choosing what the right questions were to ask. I thought about questions that could be useful to my research and that would help me develop the results I needed in order to prove or disprove my topic. I choose questions that wouldn’t be offensive to anyone, so that everyone could participate . I was trying to find out the significance of nonverbal communication being used and taught in the classroom setting. Participants I had twenty-five students in my research communication class participate in my survey. There were fourteen males and eleven females who participated, however gender doesn’t have much of an affect on my research. The ages for my survey ranged from nineteen to twenty-three years old. All of the students who took my survey were in some kind of communication field. I conducted my survey and distributed it during our class hour, along with everyone else. I distributed my surveys on Thursday October 18th, 2012. I distributed my survey to each member in the class in a row order. I simply passed my survey out row by row to each class member, and when everyone received my survey they began taking it. When the class was done taking my survey they proceeded to the front of the classroom and put my surveys in a pile for me to pick up. I then took a look at all of my results later that night. I made an excel document and went through each individual paper and recorded my results in to excel. I recorded the number of females and males, class rank, and also the answers to my yes and no questions. Results The first hypothesis was concerned with if students believed teachers were using nonverbal communication with them to teach on a daily basis. The hypothesis inferred that students did believe teachers were using nonverbal communication on a daily basis to communicate with them. . This hypothesis was supported. All students answered yes to at least some type of nonverbal communication. The second hypothesis looked at the sex of the students. This hypothesis inferred that the sex of the student was not significant for this survey. This hypothesis was supported. Sex was not significant in the research. Males and females answered mostly the same for every question in the survey. The third hypothesis looked at age of the students. This hypothesis stated that age was not significant in the survey. This hypothesis was supported. After recording all the results, age was not a factor. All of the students came up with mostly the same answers no matter their age. Research question one asked if nonverbal communication played a role in the classroom setting. From my survey, students believed that yes, nonverbal communication does in fact play a role in the classroom, and the survey also showed that numerous amounts of different types of nonverbal communication are being used every day in the classroom setting. Research question number two asked, are teachers teaching enough about nonverbal communication to their students? The question was answered yes by every single student. Students believe that yes there is enough nonverbal communication being taught in the classroom. Discussion The goal of this study was to see if nonverbal communication was being taught in the classroom and if it was important to be taught. Teachers have many different ways of teaching, and many different techniques but the overall outcome was that yes, nonverbal communication is very important in the classroom and that many teachers do use nonverbal communication on a daily basis to teach. Class size, gender, and classification did not really matter in this study. Previous research has also found that nonverbal communication is a very important factor in teaching as well. My study supported previous research, and agreed that nonverbal communication is being taught in the classrooms, and it is important for teachers to teach and use nonverbal communication. Another interesting find was that gender did not play a big part in the overall outcomes. I figured since females tend to notice things more, like proximity, gestures, posture, etc., that females would answer a lot differently than males but that was not true in this case. All students believed pretty much the same things. I was not surprised that students believed nonverbal communication was important because I agree, it is.   After conducting my survey I learned a lot of things from classmates. Some of the things I discovered were, body posture is a very important nonverbal in the classroom. Body posture can tell when students understand the content presented or when they have trouble grasping the major concepts. A student who is slouching in his seat sends a very different message than the student who learns forward or sits erect. I also learned that eye contact plays a very important role in teaching. Teachers often use eye contact in the classroom to decide who is prepared to answer a question, or who has completed a homework assignment. If a student does not want to be called on they will try and have no eye contact with the teacher, and that indicates to the teacher they do not know the answer or wish to not speak. Students also responded that distance is used on a daily basis in the classroom. The teachers are supposed to stand in the front, and the students sit in desks in the middle and back. I also discovered that students would interact more comfortably with a teacher when they are in same vertical plane. Dress being a form of nonverbal communication, I discovered plays a role in every classroom. Teachers dress appropriately for class everyday, as in dress pants, dresses, nice shirts, etc. Effective teaching depends on successful communication. By definition of non-verbal communication without uttering a single word, teachers and students constantly send messages to each other (Thompson, 2012). Limits and Future Study Although my study found a lot of reliable information, there were some limitations. When conducting my survey, although it turned out very helpful, I would have changed the questions and been a little more descriptive with them. For example, I would have not only asked if the certain nonverbals were used in the classroom, I would have also asked when and how these forms of communication were used. Another limitation was class classification. There were a wide variety of grade levels that took my survey, and all teachers in every grade level have a different way of teaching, so I would have tried to get maybe all Juniors or all Seniors to take my survey. I would have tried to have all people who take the same classes with the same teachers to take the survey. Future researchers could look more in to how students use nonverbal [communication to communicate rather than just teachers. I think students use just as much nonverbal communication as teachers do and that would be an interesting research to conduct also. This research was conducted to show the importance of nonverbal communication while teaching in the classroom. Nonverbal communication plays an essential role in the classroom so I believe more studies should be done concerning nonverbal communication. References Carli, L. (1995). Nonverbal behavior, gender, and influence. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 68(6), 1030-1041. Duggan, T. (2012). Nonverbal cues between men and women in the workplace. Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/nonverbal-cues-men-women-workplace- 11424.html. Key, Mary Ritchie. (1977) Nonverbal communication: a research guide bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press Mayo, C., Henley, N. (1981). Gender and nonverbal behavior. New York : Springer-Verlag. Molcho, S. (1985). Body speech. New York, NY: St. Martins Press. Pliner, P., Alloway, T.,Krames, L. (1974). Nonverbal communication: Advances in the study of communication and affect. New York: Plenum Press. Speer, D. C. (1972). NonVerbal Communication. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications. Thompson, J. (2012). The science and fun of nonverbal communication [Electronic Version]. Are man and woman equals in nonverbal communication? Weitz, S. (1974) Nonverbal communication: Readings with commentary. New York: Oxford University Press. Wilmont, W. (1995). Relational Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill.

William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- William Shakespeare Hamlet Essay

William Shakespeare's Hamlet Hamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeare's best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlet's actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature. As the Concise Oxford Dictionary defines psychoanalysis, as a form of therapy that is concluced ‘by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind' (Barry 96). One of the most popularized psychoanalysts of all time was Sigmund Freud. His theories on repression most directly parallel to Hamlet's actions in the play. This theory states that "much of what lies in the unconscious mind has been put there by consciousness, which acts as a censor, driving underground unconscious or conscious thoughts or instincts that it deems unacceptable. Censored materials often involve infantile sexual desires" (Murfin ). These unconscious desires are seen in dreams, in language, in creative activity, and in neurotic behavior (Murfin ).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This theory of repression also is directly correlated to Freud's Oedipus complex. The Oedipus complex deals with Infantile sexuality as well, by explaining that sexuality starts at infancy with the relationship of the infant with the mother, not at puberty. The Oedipus complex assesses that the infant has the desire to discard the father and become the sexual companion of the mother (Barry 97).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In analyzing Hamlet, the Oedipus Complex is clearly apparent to the reader. As a child, Hamlet always expressed the warmest fondness and affection for his mother. This adoration contained elements of disguised erotic quality, especially seen in the bed chamber scene with his mother. The Queen's sensual nature and her passionate fondness of her son are two traits that show her relationship with Hamlet goes beyond the normal mother-sun relationship. Nonetheless though, Hamlet finds a love interest in Ophelia. His feelings for Ophelia are never discussed fully in the play, but it is evident to the reader that at one time he loved her because of the hurt he feels whe... ... of looking at Hamlet's actions. Freud and other theorists were able to take the play and analyze it scene by scene, giving a more in-depth meaning to the actions of the characters. In a sense, Shakespeare wrote two plays in one; one play dealing with a tragedy, leaving the stage with many corpses; the other standing the test of time, in a captivating exploration into an unconscious world of the unknown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adelman, Janet. "Man and Wife is One Flesh:" Hamlet and the Confrontation with the Maternal Body. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994. Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory. New York: Manchester University Press. 1995.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jones, Ernest. "Ernest Jones: Hamlet and Oedipus." N. pag. Online. Worldwide web. 21 May 2000. Available at: http://click.go2net.com/adpopup?site=hm&shape=noshape&border=1&area=DIR.EDU.HIGHER&sizerepopup=1&hname=UNKNOWN   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Murfin, Ross C. "Psychoanalytic Criticism in Hamlet." Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespear, William. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994.

Between Language Art and Language Play

The two articles delve into the contemporary debate of same sex union. The first one presents the conservative orthodox view of the Catholic faith on same sex union while the second article presents an unorthodox view which is more liberal and accepting. Both article advocate a stand on the same issue and aims to spread the good news of their stand. The two articles tackle the issue of same sex union by giving their own definition of marriage.The orthodox view argues that marriage, as instituted by God, is a faithful, exclusive, lifelong union of a man and a woman joined in an intimate community of life and love and that same sex union is an altogether different thing from marriage since it does not fit the definition. They say that it is not based on the natural complementarity of male and female; it cannot cooperate with God to create new life; and the natural purpose of sexual union cannot be achieved by a same-sex union.The liberal view points otherwise saying that Marriage can b e defined as the unique and special form of committed friendship and this does not say that the persons have to be heterosexually attracted, thus people of the same sex can still be married. This contrasting view is an interesting point for further comparison and contrasting. Both authors use the bible as their authoritative source of arguments. The USCCB in sum claims that what is right is what is written in the bible, Prof.Maguire on his part claims that the bible as a historical account is not an account of what is right, it sometimes contain accounts which recommends what should not be done as depicted by the lesson of particular stories like in the stories about slavery. The liberal view purports that many Catholic theologians agree now with Protestant and Jewish theologians that same sex unions can be moral, healthy, and holy and that many Catholic people are living in same sex unions and adopting children and still practicing their Catholic faith however .While the USCCB cont inues to campaign against the equation of same sex unions to marriage and urges followers to keep their opinions in line with the teachings of their faith and of the bible. While using almost the same source, the bible and the interpretation of the word of God, both authors argue in different directions both of which does not directly rebut each other.

Some Facts about Juvenile Delinquency Essay - 3326 Words

John Doe, who has been recommended from a group home where other juvenile delinquents are living, is an unmanageable thirteen years old boy. In the past weeks, John Doe committed a great variety of delinquent activities: thefts, vandalism, bully, and trying to kill his mother. John Doe ´s mother states that he was manageable when his father, who committed domestic violence against her, was in home. When John Doe was eight years old, his delinquent behavior started by stole a cassette player in an electronic’ store (Santrock, J. W. 2012). As John Doe a lot of adolescents are committing somewhat juvenile delinquency or merely misbehaving. For instance, in 1999, the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) states that 16% of all persons arrested for†¦show more content†¦On the one hand, index offenses is criminal acts that are performed either by adults or juveniles (Santrock, J. W. 2012). It is also known as crime index. Index offense is split into two different categories: violenc e crime and property crime. Murders and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rapes, robberies, and aggravated assaults are considered as violence crime. On the other hand, property crime is when they commit property burglary, larceny-theft, or arson. On the other hand, status offense, which is less serious misbehavior, can be commitment only by juveniles, (Santrock, J. W. (2012). Those inappropriate behavior are not see by the law as criminal acts, but it is considerate illegal because juveniles do not have enough ages to act on this way (Kendall, J. R. 2007). Running away from home, truancy, underage drinking, sexual promiscuity, and uncontrollability are some behavior that are considering as status offenses (Santrock, J. W. 2012). It can be a forerunner of other serious delinquent conducts. For example, studies, which was focus on the tendency of adolescents to truant, found a correlation between juvenile truancy and unemployment, teen pregnancy, substance abuse, and educational failure (Kendall, J. R. 2007). In the mental health field, juvenile delinquent behavior is considered as antisocial behavior (Yoshikawa, H. 1995), which is a chronic mental illness characterized by misbehavior actionShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency Is A Problem1508 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency When looking into the history of United States and elsewhere juvenile delinquency is a problem and has been one for over a century. Like other systems in place, the system involving juvenile delinquents has gone through many stages. In the case of the juvenile delinquency, it has gone through four stages, with us presently in the fourth. The causes behind juvenile delinquency are still unknown even today. Some blame it on the current culture, the over-exposure to violenceRead MoreEssay about Not All Offenders Should be Labeled Juvenile Delinquents505 Words   |  3 PagesNot All Offenders Should be Labeled Juvenile Delinquents Juvenile delinquency is a critical concern to the general public. When adolescents commit crimes or are accused of an offense, they automatically become labeled criminals, delinquents, and deviants in the eyes of the courts, of the state, and of various people. However, is it fair to label them as such? When a status offense such as curfew, vandalism, or even disorderly conduct, is committedRead MoreContributing Factors to Juvenile Delinquency1620 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, according to Agnew and Brezina, is the violation of the law by a minor which is any persons under the age of 18 in most states. There are many contributing factors to juvenile delinquency such as domestic issues or stress at school, and there are also four different theories, strain, social learning, control, and labeling, to explain the different prospective of why it is thought that juveniles commence in delinquent behavior. This particular discussion however, is going toRead MoreComic Bo oks Effects on Children Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesone of our most profitable media outlets and national past-times? You might ask which media outlet I’m talking about and that is comic books. Comic books have always received flak when it came to how influential they are to children, with scenes of graphic violence, criminal acts of mischief, and over-bearing sexual exploits. Many parents, schools, and communities have also noticed some of the crazy things that go on in comic books and have banded together to try and ban them because they are inRead MoreIs There A Strong Relationship Between Poverty And Juvenile Delinquency?1655 Words   |  7 PagesStrong Relationship Between Poverty and Juvenile Delinquency? There is a lot of research in the world on whether or not poverty and juvenile delinquency are correlated. Of what I’ve seen, the studies suggest that there is, in fact, a relationship between them. Poverty is a serious issue, and it not only affects the people living in poverty, but it also affects the people around poverty-ridden neighborhoods. This study will address the issue of poverty on juveniles. Moreover, it will unveil the problemRead More Adolescence and Juvenile Delinquency Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesI couldnt begin to cover all the possible reasons that may cause an adolescent to become a juvenile delinquent. During my research, I found that the term juvenile delinquency is defined a number of ways. Mosbys Medical Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary summed up juvenile delinquency best with this definition; resistant antisocial, illegal, or criminal behavior by children or adolescents to the degree that it cannot be controlled or corrected by the parents, endangers others inRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency in the United States1585 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics Wendy R Swartz Keiser University Abstract: In this document, the topic of juvenile delinquency in the United States is thoroughly examined. Approximately 1.5 million minors (those are citizens who are under the age of 18) are arrested for criminal activity each year in the US. These juveniles are arrested for a variety of crimes; everything from petty vandalism and loitering to prostitution, drug dealing, and even murder. Of these, 70% of offenders will be tried andRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagespaper is to research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the effects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the juvenile justice system and theRead MoreFactors That Cause The Increase Rate Of Juvenile Delinquency Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease rate of Juvenile delinquencies. A survey research design will be used. Simple random sampling technique will be used while questionnaire and interview schedule will be necessary data collection instruments. This project will use the findings to know how to reduce the increasing rates of juvenile delinquency and also how to improve the current juvenile institutions available in order to be more productive. Juvenile Delinquency Introduction Juvenile delinquency is a situationRead MoreWhat Causes Juvenile Delinquency?758 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Causes and Solutions of Juvenile Delinquency Posted by:  ReadingCraze.com  March 15, 2013 in  Adolescence,  Family and Parenting  Leave a comment Juvenile  delinquency  is also known as teenage crime. It is like any crime that human beings commit but these crime differ becasue they are committed by young people. Before coming of age  girls and boys  have less understanding of the world. Parents, friends and teachers are all responsible along with the juvenile who commit a crime. This is why courts do not

Comparing the Similarities and Differences Between...

Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa are described as psychological eating disorders (Keel and Levitt, 1). They are both characterized by an over evaluation of weight. Despite being primarily eating disorders, the manifestations of bulimia and anorexia are different. They both present a very conspicuous example of dangerous psychological disorders, as according to the South Carolina Department of Health, â€Å"Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness† (Eating Order Statistics, 1). While Bulimia and anorexia both psychological disorders primarily prevalent in women, anorexia tend to have different diagnostic complexities, symptoms and physiological effects as compared to bulimia. Both bulimics and anorexics are†¦show more content†¦There seems to be no single reason for the development of either bulimia or anorexia nervosa. Morris and Twaddle argue that anorexia seems to have no specific cause, that genetic disposition, cultural, transitional and environmental factors all play a role in causing the disorder (894-898) Similar is the case of bulimia as mentioned in by Hay and Bacaltchuk (33). From this, we can deduce that these eating disorders are dangerous because they can arise due to a number of independent reasons. One of the major differences between anorexia and bulimia is that the latter is harder to diagnose. Bulimic patients tend to be secretive and though their weight may be below normal, it is not necessary that they be anorexic. However, anorexic patients tend to be underweight, along with reluctance to eat even small amounts of food, and involving in physical weight-loss exercises obsessively. (Simon, 1) Therefore, it is apparent that incidences of bulimia often remain unnoticed whereas anorexics are more successfully diagnosed. Both anorexia and bulimia are more common to women. In clinical review, Sara and twaddle write: â€Å"It [anorexia] has a prevalence of 0.3% in young women†¦. 80-90% of patients are female†. While 90% of eating disorder patients treated are women (Hay and Bascaltchuk, 33). Therefore, it may be inferred that certain reasons (as discussed above) act as stimuli in womenShow MoreRelatedBeing Thin, Petite, And Attractive Is Driving Young Women776 Words   |  4 Pagesburden on the shoulders of our young people. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are two eating disorders that are consuming our youth throughout the country. Thankfully, research has made advances for those affected and giving them to tools to overcome and succeed these overbearing disorders. In the first article, Anorexia Nervosa was studied in a group of women with the mean age of 24. In the study, the women had to write a letter to their anorexia as a friend and then as an enemy. The lettersRead More The Prevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating Disorder1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe Prevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating Disorder How prevalent is anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders? Without the knowledge of research, one is likely to think eating disorders are quite prevalent in society today. However, research proves that eating disorders, in general, are not as prevalent as one might think without any knowledge of the subject. Prevalence of an eating disorder refers to the number of cases of an eating disorderRead MoreMen and Eating Disorders Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesMen and Eating Disorders About seven million women across the country suffer from eating disorders including anorexia nervosa and bulimia and, as a result most research involving these disorders have only been conducted on females. However, as many as a million men may also suffer from these same disorders. Women are not the only people prone to disliking what they see when they look into the mirror. Now a days more men are worried about their body shape. Clinical reports tell us that oneRead More Eating Disorders Essay2312 Words   |  10 Pagesabnormal psychological functioning. The two most common eating disorders are, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. Both of these eating disorders are most common among adolescent girls, but they do occur amongst older people and are becoming more and more frequent amongst men. Also they were originally only found in European countries but are becoming more common all over the world. Anorexia nervosa This is a disorder where the person fears that they might become Read MoreThe Five Approaches to Psychology Essay examples3712 Words   |  15 Pagesindividual differences which looks at the ways in which people vary. The two ways in which people vary are intelligence and personality and both have been studied a great deal. The measurement of individual differences is referred to as psychometrics. Individual differences covers a wide range of issues including psychological abnormality which is hard to define. Each major approach has its own explanation of mental disorders. These explanations are applied to eating disorders such as Anorexia NervosaRead MoreEssay Writing9260 Words   |  38 Pagesintroduction. But your introduction serves the same purpose as it would if the reader were coming to it voluntarily. You must convince the reader that your essay is worth reading. The Structure of an Introduction A simple model for the relationship between the introduction, the body, and the conclusion is the old newspaper maxim: You tell em what you re gonna tell em you tell em, and then you tell em what you told em. In an introduction, you lay out a plan for what will follow. HoweverRead MoreMarketing Communications Notes17720 Words   |  71 Pagesmember or friend where they just can’t seem to understand even the most simple language, no matter how many times you repeat yourself? Have you ever attended a lecture and then compared your notes to those of a fellow student only to find major differences? Have you ever tried to have a conversation with a friend on the MTR at 6 p.m. on a Friday night? Have you ever ordered a product over the Internet only to be unpleasantly surprised by the final price, shipping charges or actual product featuresRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesdeveloped a number of counting and repeating compulsions, as well as extensive avoidance behavior, in an effort to neutralize the obsessions. He believed he had to repeat a task until he no longer had an obsession so that he could break the association between the task and the in trusive thought. This would then ensure that the task would not become a trigger for the obsession. As a result of his erroneous belief, Mike would repeat phrases, retrace his steps, wash repeatedly, even hold his breath, in response

Jonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal, And Thomas More s...

Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† and Thomas More’s Utopia both treat the poor, old, or sick similarly. Swift writes a mock proposal to eat the children of poor families, while More writes about an â€Å"ideal,† utopian society where the old and sick are told that they might as well just die. Both exaggerate the similarities between humans and animals in order to reveal to the public how they are treating these types of people in real life. The authors’ ideas are pushing how society deals with people to an exaggerated level to reveal what is really happening within the community. Swift and More both make analogies between humans and animal behavior to reveal to society how they are treating the poor like worthless animals. In More’s Utopia, the old and sick people are seen as a burden and should choose to die for everyone’s good. Priests tell these old and sick individuals that they are an annoyance on society. More writes, â €Å" ‘You’re just a nuisance to other people and a burden to yourself’ † (More 665). They live for no one’s good and are left to live a pointless rest of their life, so they might as well just end it now. More is revealing how society really sees the old and sick people. They know they should take care of them, and they do, but no one really wants to help them when it’s taking time away from their own life. People see more use in doing there own thing, so in Utopia, More pushes it to the level of trying to convince the the old and sick that they shouldShow MoreRelatedSir Thomas More And Jonathan Swift Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesboth in and out of its populations a kind of distrust. It remains to be seen if there is an ideal empire, but in conceptualizing the shortcomings of an empire s trajectories, there are significant observations to be made. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the sixteenth and eighteenth century writings of Sir Th omas More and Jonathan Swift. Here, individuals for the first time interrogate the governmental systems which predate them to a particular effect, though their means are drastically different

Critical Factors International Development Projects

Question: Discuss about the Critical Factors for International Development Projects. Answer: Introduction: The project management can be referred to as the discipline that initiates, plan, execute, controls and closes the teamwork for achieving the specific goals and for meeting the specific factors of success. As stated by Ahmad and Cuenca (2013), the project is an endeavor, which is designed for producing the unique product, service and in meeting unique goals and objectives. The project management is the overall application of the knowledge, skills, techniques and tools that help in the conduction of the project activities for meeting the requirements of the project. It facilitates in coordination and implementation of the project activities, which helps in creating an environment for fostering interactions among the team members with the minimum amount of conflict, overlaps and disruptions. Alias et al. (2014) stated that in a project management, the requirements are identified along with the establishment of transparent and achievable objectives, which helps in balancing the demands of the various stakeholders. It is a scientific approach that facilitates in creating and managing the structure along with the commitments made to the project. If the managers dont have a concrete plan of the project conduction, they are likely to face chaotic and unpredictable situations while conducting the project. These risks and hindrances are mitigated with the use of project management. According to Bai and Sarkis (2013), the project management is a framework, which helps in providing concise and lucid practices those are to be followed by the team members for the successful accomplishment of a project. By creating a structure as well as managing a project, the commitments, time of completion and the project deliverables are ensured to the customers. The stages of project development and management are the initiation, planning, execution, monitoring, control and closing. This assignment will be discussing the initiation of the project, and it's planning, implementation and execution. Along with this, it also discusses the closedown of a project and the management of multiple projects for their successful accomplishment. Project Initiation The project initiation is the first stage in the life cycle of a project management where it involves in starting up a fresh project. Banihashemi et al. (2017) opined that in the initiation stage, the business problems and opportunities are identified, solutions are defined, projects are formed, and a flexible and talented team is set up for delivering the solutions to the patrons in scheduled time. A business case has been created for detailing and identifying the most appropriate solutions to the problems those are likely to be faced while initializing the project. Several problems and opportunities along with the alternative solutions are made available in the business cases. In this stage, the business costs, risks associated, issues and benefits are analyzed. Along with this, the business requirements of the projects are jotted down in this stage. As mentioned by Chou and Pramudawardhani (2015), a vivid plan, which includes financial and scheduling analysis, are also present in this project initiation. Before initiating a project, the project manager has to prepare a team for the employees and workers those are best in conducting the specified project. The responsibilities are divided equally among the team members as per their positions in the organization and according to their talents, skills and capabilities in handling the responsibilities. Costantino et al. (2015) opined that while initializing the project, the goals are clarified, competencies within the team are justified, and fixations of the time are done so that the different levels of the projects are completed within scheduled time. Before initializing the project, the feasibility of the project is analyzed. It shows the profitability of the project to the organization and the presence of the required resources those available in the organization. The success of the project lies on the experience and success level of the project managers and their team members. Moreover, the success of the project is also dependent on the accuracy and clarity of the project and the talents and skills of the employees. As opined by Drury-Grogan (2014), before beginning a project, the project manager needs to have a clear concept of the customers requirements and that is to be communicated to the team members. It prevents the occurrence of misunderstanding and tiffs between the pr oject staff members and the patrons. Each of the staff members needs to have clear conceptions about the project objectives, and they should also have a mentality to achieve the goals combined as a team work. As mentioned by Dwivedula et al. (2015), there are certain situations where the project fails to accomplish its objectives and providing adequate solutions to the customers. It may be due to the communication gap between the project employees and the customers or among the team members. Moreover, the other reasons for failure can be the inadequate presence of resources; skills and expertise in accomplish the project within scheduled time. With the initiation of the project, certain levels of commitment and dedication are required from the side of the team members. A team needs to make have strong decision-making capabilities like specifying and prioritizing the needs, evaluating and comparing the solutions and selecting the best solutions to the identified project problems (Gonzalez Aleu et al. 2016). Project Planning The second stage in the life cycle of a project is the planning phase. It is a stage, where the project solutions are developed with the usage of every details those are necessary for meeting the objectives of a project. Gudien? et al. (2014) stated that in this phase, the team identifies the work that is to be accomplished along with identifies the availability and usability of the resources. The strategies and an outline of the project are curbed that helps in planning the activities, dependencies, tasks and the time frames. Even more, the project manager also coordinates with the team members and the higher officials in preparing an approximate budget of the project. It contains the different cost estimates to the labor, material costs and the equipment. Moreover, the cost that will be incurred for monitoring and controlling the expenditure of project is also planned in this phase. As opined by Hasler (2016), after the project team identifies the working schedule, preparation of t he schedule and estimating the costs, the planning process are complete. In this phase, the threats and risks those the project are likely to face are identified. It helps in understanding the threshold of the team members of the project and their planning of strategies for the different steps. The risks are segregated as per their importance and extent of causing danger in the completion of the project. In this phase, the project manager documents the extensive planning, quality targets, control measures and makes an acceptance plan regarding the criteria provided by the customers for gaining their acceptance. According to Ihuah et al. (2014), in this phase, the various tasks as per their durations are segregated that helps in completion of the work. A detailed structure about the work breakdown is listed that helps the team members in understanding the prioritization of each of the tasks. A detailed project planning is necessary that helps in identifying and resolving the issues those are remaining and may prove problematic to the team members in accomplishing the goals. The commitment level of the stakeholders is refined and elaborated as per the consideration to the resources. Kerzner (2013) had an opinion that in this phase the documentation of the project plan is done. It helps in documenting and promoting the cooperation, coordination and constructive participation of all the team members. After the plan gets approved, a positive and highly spirited approach is expected from the team members. With the approval of the plan, the participants confront their responsibilities with the qualities, talents and skills that they possess and use at the time of providing subsequent deliverables. Lehman (2016) commented that while breaking down the work, estimated time, costs and resources utilized for each of the activities are also allocated. The project scheduling is optimized that helps in maintaining a balance between the usage of the resources and the duration of completion of each of the activities. The progress will be measured at every step, which will help in understanding whether the project is going in the scheduled direction. In this phase, the requirements of the projects are kept handy among the team members, which help in moving on to the next phase of implementation and execution. A logical dependency between the tasks is defined that helps in enabling the identification of the shortest and effective paths that is to be followed for the successful accomplishment of the project (Lind and Culler, 2013). Implementation and Execution The 3rd step of the project lifecycle is the implementation and executive phase. In this phase, the project plan is executed or put into operation, and the project work is performed. According to Liu et al. (2014), the monitoring and controlling of the project activities are done, and the variances are recorded as per the original plan. It is one of the biggest and time-consuming steps in the project. In this step, the team members carry out the different tasks and the progress of the reports are often compared with the project plan. It is done for measuring the performance of the activities of the project and whether the project is operating correctly and moving in the correct direction. If certain variations between the original plan and practical operation of the project are seen, then a vivid and thorough checking of the plan is done. Ofori (2013) opined that the modifications and changes are published to the existing plan. The project manager is also responsible for checking the controlling limits, which helps in creating awareness of the baseline. The negative ideas circulated among the team members are removed, and the project manager motivates the team members towards success and completion of each of the activities of the project. The PMIS (Project Management Information System) system has been installed in this phase, which helps in executing the project work successfully. As mentioned by Power (2016), it is a typical software application, which helps in methodical execution for collecting the project information. Through PMIS, the time, cost and performance parameters of different stages of the project are communicated to the higher authorizes and among the team members. Moreover, the risk monitoring of each of the activities is also conducted, which also helps in understanding the progression of the project. The performance reporting is done on the periodic basis and is documented for the future requirement in the project. According to Ram and Corkindale (2014), the relationships with the vendors are strengthened in this phase, and the project manager uses the contracts for resolving the issues faced while completing the project. It has been seen that the brainstorming phase has been carried out in this pha se at periodic intervals to resolve any unwanted risks faced due to the dynamic business environment. In situations, when the poor decisions are taken, which are going unmatched with the present business scenario, steps are taken for modifying the changes. It, therefore, results in updating and publishing the plan on a periodic basis (Ram et al. 2013). As stated by Ribeiro de Jesus et al. (2016), the status reports show the anticipating and expecting end points of the project regarding scheduling, quality and cost of the deliverables. These project deliverables are reviewed by the quality and are measured against the criteria of acceptance. After producing these deliverables, the project manager provides the customer with solutions, and this leads to the closure of the project from the project managers side. This step is followed by the closing phase and reviewing of the project, where the customers provide feedback to the team, and they have to modify and alter the changes as per the criteria of the customers (Santos-Vijande and Snchez, 2016). Project Closedown and Review The project closedown and review is the last phase of the project life cycle, which involves dispensing over the deliverables to the respective patrons. The documentation of the business is done followed by releasing of the staff members, canceling the contracts with the suppliers and releasing the staff members from the project. As mentioned by Surlan et al. (2016), in this stage, a project closure report should be prepared. It should contain the activities those are necessary for closing the project along with ensuring the project closure is taken both effectively and smoothly. With the approval of the report, the reviewing and inspection of the project take place for the next one to three months. With the transfer of the deliverable goods, the projects remains under the risk of commercial, reputational, operational, environmental, economic and financial aspects. The period of reviewing and re-modification of the areas of changes are still under the employees requirements. Tafti et al. (2017) had opined that these risks are also combined with the probability of success, insurance and isolation of the activities. While accomplishing the project, the project managers have to take care of the entire environmental issues. It is to be noted that none of the projects should cause hamper to the environment while conducting the activities. According to Tarhini et al. (2015), the quantitative approaches used for analyzing and reviewing the results is through PERT analysis, Monte Carlo Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis. The PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) analysis is a project management statistical tool, which is designed for analyzing and representing the tasks those are involved in the successful accomplishment of the project. Through this process, the time required for completion of each of the activities is analyzed and the minimum time required for completing the project is identified through PERT. As stated by Turner (2014), in Monte Carlo Simulation, the same model is used where a random task us selected for each of the tasks and are also responsible for recording the values. With the help of this simulation, viable estimation of the project is done, and it also helps in understanding the risks of the project planning method. The sensitivity analysis in the project management is a study that helps in measuring the uncertainty in the mathematical model and system that can be allocated to the diverse sources. It facilitates identification of the key variables, which majorly influence the benefits and cost of the projects (Verburg et al. 2013). Yamin and Sim (2016) stated that in the evaluation phase, unbiased opinions should be provided to the project team for making them understand their strengths, weaknesses and the benefits of the projects. It also helps them in understanding the objectives those are met with the allocated resources and budget. Any modifications made in the projects should be consulted with the project team. The problems and issues related to the occurrence of the problems are to be discussed. As stated by Yeoh and Popovi? (2016), through evaluation, the achievements, failures and the lessons are learned by the project team for their future reference. It helps them in not repeating the mistakes in future and carries these present mistakes for future references. Before complete closure of the project, the staff members of the project should be reassigned to the project duties till the time of complete satisfaction and review received from the client side. It is done so that if any changes occur, that is to be managed by the employees and the project team (Zou et al. 2014). Managing Multiple Projects and Summary The projects are prioritized as per their importance and timeline. The project managers are responsible for taking the responsibility of the projects that are in-line. According to Gudien? et al. (2014), based on the importance of the projects and the time of completion, the projects are undertaken by the project managers. Before taking each of the projects, the resources are checked by the projects. The experiences of the projects are also used in the future projects, if necessary. The people, time and resources are scheduled as per the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and according to the task interdependencies. The difference between the projects and sub-projects are clarified, and the team members are provided with ample clarification regarding the aims, objectives of the projects and the terminology variations used in diverse projects. Alias et al. (2014) stated that handling different projects means working in a dynamic environment, which is always changing. The sub-projects and projects have different life cycles of completion, and hence they are to be scheduled in such a way that they dont create confusions and conflicts. The tasks are shared among the team members and based on the unique characteristics; certain activities are given to the specified ones. The joint responsibility and reporting of the multiple tasks are also handled in multiple projects handling situations. Moreover, the project manager is also responsible for updating the schedules at regular intervals (Lind and Culler, 2013). The assignment deals with the overall project management of several businesses of any size. The project managers, entrepreneurs and the executives of the companies oversee the projects for successful completion of the project. The effective techniques are adopted by the organizations for carrying out of the activities of the project within specified time and limited resources. The overall assignment shows that the project manager and the team members should be aware of the entire project work and completion of the activities by following all the steps of completion of the project. The project management skills and timeline are important to follow to keep the project on track. In the initiation stage, the business strengths, opportunities and weaknesses are identified. It is followed by the planning stage where the documentation of the resources is done. The implementation phase is the stage where the planning is put into motion and activities are carried out. In the project closure a nd review stage, the overall deliverables and activities are provided to the customers. Any changes and modifications are effectively handled, which helps in successful completion of the project and also improves the satisfaction level of the customers extensively. References Ahmad, M.M. and Cuenca, R.P., 2013. Critical success factors for ERP implementation in SMEs.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,29(3), pp.104-111. Alias, Z., Zawawi, E.M.A., Yusof, K. and Aris, N.M., 2014. Determining critical success factors of project management practice: A conceptual framework.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,153, pp.61-69. Bai, C. and Sarkis, J., 2013. A grey-based DEMATEL model for evaluating business process management critical success factors.International Journal of Production Economics,146(1), pp.281-292. Banihashemi, S., Hosseini, M.R., Golizadeh, H. and Sankaran, S., 2017. Critical success factors (CSFs) for integration of sustainability into construction project management practices in developing countries.International Journal of Project Management. Chou, J.S. and Pramudawardhani, D., 2015. Cross-country comparisons of key drivers, critical success factors and risk allocation for public-private partnership projects.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), pp.1136-1150. Costantino, F., Di Gravio, G. and Nonino, F., 2015. Project selection in project portfolio management: An artificial neural network model based on critical success factors.International Journal of Project Management,33(8), pp.1744-1754. Drury-Grogan, M.L., 2014. Performance on agile teams: Relating iteration objectives and critical decisions to project management success factors.Information and Software Technology,56(5), pp.506-515. Dwivedula, R., Bredillet, C.N. and Mller, R., 2015. The relation between work motivation and project management success in case of temporary organizations: theoretical lenses. Gonzalez Aleu, F., Gonzalez Aleu, F., Van Aken, E.M. and Van Aken, E.M., 2016. Systematic literature review of critical success factors for continuous improvement projects.International Journal of Lean Six Sigma,7(3), pp.214-232. Gudien?, N., Banaitis, A., Podvezko, V. and Banaitien?, N., 2014. Identification and evaluation of the critical success factors for construction projects in Lithuania: AHP approach.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,20(3), pp.350-359. Hasler, M.D., 2016.Critical Success Factors Affecting Successful Completion of Institutional Projects: A Case Study Approach(Doctoral dissertation). Ihuah, P.W., Kakulu, I.I. and Eaton, D., 2014. A review of Critical Project Management Success Factors (CPMSF) for sustainable social housing in Nigeria.International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment,3(1), pp.62-71. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Lehman, D.W., 2016.Identifying the Critical Success Factors for Information Systems to Manage Sponsored Research Activities at Institutions of Higher Education(Doctoral dissertation, Robert Morris University). Lind, M.R. and Culler, E., 2013. Information technology project performance: The impact of critical success factors. InPerspectives and Techniques for Improving Information Technology Project Management(pp. 39-50). IGI Global. Liu, J., Love, P.E., Smith, J., Regan, M. and Davis, P.R., 2014. Life cycle critical success factors for public-private partnership infrastructure projects.Journal of Management in Engineering,31(5), p.04014073. Ofori, D.F., 2013. Project management practices and critical success factors-A developing country perspective.International Journal of Business and Management,8(21), p.14. Power, M., 2016. Defining and Managing Risk: A Study Investigating Critical Success Factors Relating to Client Expectation and Associated Risk Management in Design and Construct Projects. Ram, J. and Corkindale, D., 2014. How critical are the critical success factors (CSFs)? Examining the role of CSFs for ERP.Business Process Management Journal,20(1), pp.151-174. Ram, J., Corkindale, D. and Wu, M.L., 2013. Implementation critical success factors (CSFs) for ERP: Do they contribute to implementation success and post-implementation performance?.International Journal of Production Economics,144(1), pp.157-174. Ribeiro de Jesus, A., Antony, J., Lepikson, H.A. and Peixoto, A.L., 2016. Six Sigma critical success factors in Brazilian industry.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,33(6), pp.702-723. Santos-Vijande, M.L. and Snchez, J..L., 2016. Interrelationships among critical success factors in service innovation: effects on the new service market performance.The Business Management Review,7(3), p.295. Surlan, N., Cekic, Z. and Torbica, Z., 2016. Use of value management workshops and critical success factors in introducing local experience on the international construction projects.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,22(8), pp.1021-1031. Tafti, M.M., Tafti, M.M., Mahmoudsalehi, M., Mahmoudsalehi, M., Amiri, M. and Amiri, M., 2017. Critical success factors, challenges and obstacles in talent management.Industrial and Commercial Training,49(1), pp.15-21. Tarhini, A., Ammar, H. and Tarhini, T., 2015. Analysis of the critical success factors for enterprise resource planning implementation from stakeholders perspective: A systematic review.International Business Research,8(4), p.25. Turner, J.R., 2014.The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). New York, NY: McGraw-hill. Verburg, R.M., Bosch-Sijtsema, P. and Vartiainen, M., 2013. Getting it done: Critical success factors for project managers in virtual work settings.International journal of project management,31(1), pp.68-79. Yamin, M. and Sim, A.K., 2016. Critical success factors for international development projects in Maldives: Project teams perspective.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,9(3), pp.481-504. Yeoh, W. and Popovi?, A., 2016. Extending the understanding of critical success factors for implementing business intelligence systems.Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,67(1), pp.134-147. Zou, W., Kumaraswamy, M., Chung, J. and Wong, J., 2014. Identifying the critical success factors for relationship management in PPP projects.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.265-274.